Things to know Interests in land are generally held directly in fee simple (meaning absolute title to land, free of any other claims against the title, which one can sell or pass to another by will or inheritance) or by leases as leasehold interests.  Condominium or strata title ownership is also common throughout Canada.  All […]

  Things to know   Most office, retail and industrial space in Canada is available only through a commercial lease. • Most commercial lease transactions start with a binding offer to lease that sets out the most important business terms; a non-binding letter of intent could also be used for this purpose, although it is […]

Things to know Canada has a universal health care system funded through general tax revenues. All Canadians are covered and receive medically necessary hospital and doctors’ services without direct charges at the point of service.  Some services are not covered under the public health care plan, including prescription drugs outside hospitals, dental care, vision care, […]

Things to know Subject to one exception in Québec (discussed below), there is currently no legislative requirement for employers to establish or participate in any type of employer sponsored retirement plan for the benefit of their employees (i.e., it is a voluntary system). However, where employers establish retirement plans for their employees, the employer must […]

Things to know Canada’s retirement income system consists of a mix of public pensions and private pension and retirement savings plans. UNIVERSAL GOVERNMENT PENSION BENEFITS  The Old Age Security program (OAS) provides a basic level of retirement income (up to $631 per month in 2018) to Canadian residents, along with additional support for low-income seniors […]

Things to know Ontario is the “high water mark” for accessibility laws in Canada.  The Province’s AODA – the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Acthas detailed standards that must be followed by governments, businesses, non-profits and public sector organizations in five areas:  Customer Service Standards:How to provide accessible customer service, including communicating with customers with […]

Things to know Employment agreements can be either verbal or in writing and for an indefinite term or fixed term.  Employees must be provided with at least their minimum statutory entitlements in respect of terms and conditions of employment as set out in applicable provincial employment standards legislation.  Written employment agreements are recommended at least […]

Things to know Human rights legislation prohibits discrimination and harassment based on prohibited grounds. • Prohibited grounds of discrimination vary province to province, but typically include age, disability, sex, creed, colour, place of origin, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, ancestry, marital status, family status, and citizenship.  Some provinces also include protections based on gender identity or […]

Things to know Canada is governed by a federal system, and policies relating to selling to government vary among the federal, provincial/territorial and municipal governments. Common across all jurisdictions are general principles established by case law governing competitive procurements. A party that solicits bids is subject to a duty of fairness and good faith in […]

Things to know Provincial and federal legislation regulates the collection of debts from consumers (even if an  organization is collecting debts from its own consumers).  The legislation primarily covers licensing obligations and “prohibited practices”: Licensing: If a person is carrying on business as a collection agent or agency, that person must generally be licensed or […]